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As early as 1836, Marc Dax found that patients who could not speak properly had damage to the left side of the brain, and in 1861 Paul Broca described a patient who could say only one word - Tan (The Brain, 2005). When the patient died, he carried out an autopsy and discovered damage to the patient's left frontal cortex, which became known as Broca's area. In 1876, Karl Wernicke found damage in the posterior temporal lobe (Wernicke's area), connected to Broca's area by a bundle of nerve fibers, the arcuate fasciculus, also caused speech problems. Damage to the arcuate fasciculus causes conduction aphasia, in which people can understand language but their speech does not make sense and they cannot repeat words.

To speak a word that is read, information must travel from the primary visual cortex to the posterior speech area, including Wernicke's area, and from here to Broca's area, and then to the primary motor cortex (The Brain, 2005). To speak a word that

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